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Beattie, William, The Danube, its history, scenery and topography, London: G. Virtue, 1842, pt. 1-4

English  
Nezhin  Galatz  Braila  
Αrchitectural Form  Urban Landscape - Geography  Statistics  
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The book contains paintings and engravings of the Paradanubian cities during the 18th and 19th century and also, historical and geographical references/ Το βιβλίο περιέχει πίνακες και χαρακτικά των Παραδουνάβιων πόλεων κατά το 18ο και 19ο αιώνα καθώς επίσης και ιστορικά και γεωγραφικά στοιχεία. 

Ozveren, Eyup, “Shipbuilding, 1590-1790” in Review (Fernand Braudel Center), vol. 23, no.1, Commodity Chains in the World-Economy, 1590–1790, 2000, pp. 15-86

English  
Αrchitectural Form  Urban Landscape - Geography  Shipping  Economy and Infrastructure  
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This work surveys shipbuilding by way of a commodity-chain approach. During the two centuries prior to the so-called "Industrial Revolution" shipbuilding was already characterized by many of the distinguishing attributes of an industrial activity, such as labor organization and technology, as far as manufacturing within the shipyards was concerned. Shifts in major sites of shipyards are traced giving a picture in which the Mediterranean world yields its primacy to the Atlantic seaboard, more specifically to the United Provinces first, and then to England, and finally to the North American colonies. Because of the commodity-chain approach adopted, the article deals not only with the activities concentrated within the shipyards, but also the processing and procurement of naval supplies such as timber and masts, flax used for sailcloth, hemp used for ropes, pitch and tar used for protection, and iron used for anchors and nails. Shifts in loci of production of these supplies, changes in their technologies of production, and organization of provisioning are depicted at length. The article demonstrates that the specific dates chosen for inquiry help delineate important periodic transformations within each part of the process as well as for the entirety of the commodity chain.

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